Emphasizing the Role of Diplomatic Agents for Repatriation of Ex-Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF): Study of Indonesia

Authors

  • Heribertus Jaka Triyana Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v7i2.333

Keywords:

Diplomatic and consular functions, repatriation, human rights

Abstract

Repatriation of the ex-Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) has been initiated since 2020 where many ex-Indonesians are trapped and scammed in the conflicting areas. These individuals, often branded as ex-nationals upon leaving their homelands, have engaged in violent conflicts in Syria, Iraq, and beyond. With ISIS’s territorial grip weakening, these ex-FTFs now attempt to return to their origin countries, such as Indonesia. The analysis in this paper is mainly constructed by the role and function of diplomatic and consular agents on their repatriation. They are directed to the existence of customary international law as the primary source of international law in order to find out the relevance of their repatriation. It provides a legal framework of analysis on how the state conducts dealing with these complex emergencies abroad on state protection to its own nation abroad. The clarity and robust guidance could reduce complex dilemmas for the governments in managing this repatriation. While some call for imprisonment or even elimination, repatriation highlights the crucial role of reintegration and rehabilitation programs. It underscores the legal responsibilities of states under international law, advocating for the protection of human rights while maintaining national public safety conducted by diplomatic and consular agents

References

Law

Republic of Indonesia, “Indonesian Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on Amendment to Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedures for Obtaining Loss and Cancellation and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia”, 2022.

Republic of Indonesia, Indonesian Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage.

Republic of Indonesia, “Indonesian Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship”, 2006.

Book, Article, Website

Afriansyah, A. & H. R. Purnama, Indonesia and the Absence of a Yearbook on International Law, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 2021.

Ambast, R. & V. Tyagi, “Ambassadors of Europe: An Insight into the Evolution of the European Union and International Diplomatic Law”, Studia Diplomatica, Vol. 61, Num. 4, 2008.

Amir, I. “Review of An Analysis of Jokowi’s Policy in Refusing the Return of Former ISIS Foreign Terrorist Fighters Indonesian Citizens”, Al-Bayyinah: Journal of Islamic Law, Vol. 4, Num. 1, 2020.

Arisandy, Y. & A. Kurmala, “Indonesia Should Establish Legal Instrument for UNSC Resolution”, (31 January 2019), en.antaranews.com/news/indonesia-should-establish-legal-instrument-for-unsc-resolution , accessed on 18 July 2024.

ASEAN, “Chairman’s Statement of the 30th ASEAN Regional Forum”, (14 July 2023) asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Chairmans-Statement-of-30th-ARF-2023-FINAL-1.pdf, accessed on 26 May 2024.

ASEAN, ASEAN Handbook on International Cooperations in Trafficking in Persons, 2010.

Bakker, E. & R. d. Bont, “Belgian and Dutch Jihadist Foreign Fighters (2012–2015): Characteristics, Motivations, and Roles in the War in Syria and Iraq”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, Vol. 27, Num. 5, 2016.

Banerjee, K. M., Rethinking Membership: Statelessness, Domination, and the Limits of Contemporary Citizenship, Canada: University of Toronto, 2016.

Barker, J. C. The Protection of Diplomatic Personnel, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2006.

Barker, J. C., “The Function of Diplomatic Missions in Times of Armed Conflict or Foreign Armed Intervention”, Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 81, Num. 4, 2012.

Barton, G., The historical Context and Regional Social Network Dynamics of Radicalisation and Recruitment of Islamic State Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Indonesia and its Southeast Asian Neighbours, Deakin University, 2020.

Beitz, C. R., The Idea of Human Rights, Oxford Academic, 2007.

Benmelech, E. & E. F. Klor, “What Explains the Flow of Foreign Fighters to ISIS?”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 32, Num. 7, 2018.

Bjola, C. & I. Manor, Digital Diplomacy in The Time of The Coronavirus Pandemic, (31 Maret 2020), uscpublicdiplomacy.org/digital-diplomacy-time-coronavirus-pandemic, accessed 11 May 2024.

Bramasta, D. B. & S. Hardiyanto, “Pro Kontra dan Dampak di Balik Rencana Pemulangan Ratusan WNI Eks ISIS…”, (7 Februari 2020), www.kompas.com/pro-kontra-dan-dampak-di-balik-rencana-pemulangan-ratusan-wni-eks-isis, accessed 5 June, 2024.

Byrens, M. E. et.al., Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Emergency Response and Public Protection, Lewis Publisher, 2003.

Centre for Civil and Political Rights, Simple Guide on The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): An overview of Articles 1-27, 2021.

Cieslar, A. “Life After Isis: The Problem of The Islamic State Foreign Fighters”, Ante Portas - Studia, Vol. 12, Num. 1, 2019.

Collins, S., “The Legality Under International Human Rights Law of Citizenship Deprivation as a Security Measure in the UK”, Master Thesis, Lund University, 2022.

Cook, J. & G. A. Vale, From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State, King’s College: Department of War Studies, 2018.

Cook, J. & G. Vale, “From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’ II: The Challenges Posed by Women and Minors after the Fall of the Caliphate”, Combating Terrorism Center, Vol. 12, Num. 6, 2019.

Cooper, A. F., et.al., Introduction: The Challenges of 21st Century Diplomacy, Oxford Academic, 2013.

Cowl, A., “International Cooperation for Implementing the Chemical Convention”, at Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Nonstate Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes, Bogor 13-14 September 2023.

Criekemans, D., Regional Sub-State Diplomacy Today, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 2010.

Daniele, G., NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe (Contemporary Security Studies), Routledge, 2005.

Daryono, A. M., “Mahfud MD: Rencana Pemulangan Eks ISIS ke RI Ada Mudharatnya”, (5 Februari 2020) kumparan.com/kumparannews/mahfud-md-rencana-pemulangan-wni-eks-isis-ke-ri-ada-mudaratnya-1smUxNfuNFE, accessed 5 June 2024.

Dawson, L. L., A Comparative Analysis of the Data on Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Who Went and Why?, ICCT Research Paper, 2021.

Denza, E., Diplomatic Law : Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Oxford University Press, 2016.

Donnelly, J., Universal Human Rights In Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press, 1985.

Drumbl, M. A., Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Dupuy, P. M., “Reviewing The Difficulties of Codification: on Ago’s Classification of Obligations of Means and Obligations of Result in Relation to State Responsibility”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 10, Num. 2, 1999.

Duquet, N. & K. Goris, Firearms Acquisition by Terrorists in Europe, Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute, 2018.

Duquet, S. & J. Wouters, “Diplomatic and Consular Relations”, in Simon Chesterman, et.al. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Treaties, Oxford Handbooks, 2019.

Elagab, O. & J. Elagab, International Law Documents Relating to Terrorism, Routledge, 1997.

Elsig, M. & K. Milewicz, “The Politics of Treaty Signature: The Role of Diplomats and Ties that Bind”, International Negotiation, Vol. 22, Num. 3, 2017.

Embassy or the Republic of Indonesia, Indonesia: A True Partner for World Peace, 2017.

Emrich, R. & D. Schulze, “Diplomacy in the 21st Century: What Needs to Change?”, (Presentation of the main findings of SWP’s “Diplomacy in the 21st Century” project), German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2017.

European Parliamentary Research Service, The Return of Foreign Fighters to EU Soil: Ex-Post Evaluation, 2018.

European Union, “Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union”, 1957.

Fargue, É., et.al., When States Take Rights Back: Citizenship Revocation and Its Discontents, Routledge, 2020.

Ginkel, B. v. “The New Security Council Resolution 2178 on Foreign Terrorist Fighters: A Missed Opportunity for a Holistic Approach”, (4 November 2014), icct.nl/new-security-council-resolution-2178-foreign-terrorist-fighters-missed-opportunity, accessed on 24 May 2024.

Ginkel, B. v., et.al., The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union, ICCT, 2016.

Ginsborg, L., “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: The Security Council,’Foreign Terrorist Fighters’, and Human Rights”, in Manfred Nowak & Anne Charbord (eds), Using Human Rights to Counter Terrorism, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.

Gustafsson, L. & M. Ranstorp, Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq, Swedish Defence University, 2017.

Ham, P. v., European Integration and the Postmodern Condition: Governance, Democracy, Routledge, 2001.

Heintze, H. J. & A. Zwitter, International Law and Humanitarian Assistance: A Crosscut Through Legal Issues Pertaining to Humanitarianism, Springer, 2011.

Hermida, J., “A Proposal Toward Redefining The Model of Application of International Law in the Domestic Arena”, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 7, Num. 2, 2003, p. 489-510.

Herrschel, T. & P. Newman, Governance of Europe’s City Regions: Planning, Policy & Politics, Routledge, 2003.

Hocking, B. “Rethinking ‘New’ Public Diplomacy, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations”, in Donna Lee & Marcus Holmes (eds), Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations, New York: Macmillan Publishers, 2005.

Houry, N., et.al., “The ‘Unreturned’: Dealing with the Foreign Fighters and Their Families Who Remain in Syria and Iraq”, in Serafettin Pektas & Johan Leman (eds), Militant Jihadism: Today and Tomorrow, Leuven University Press, 2019, p. 59-82.

Howe, B. National Security, State Centricity, and Governance in East Asia, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2018.

Hukmana, S. Y., “BNPT Data WNI Jadi Foreign Terrorist Fighters Di Luar Negeri”, (9 September 2023), metrotvnews.com/b2lCrDj0-bnpt-data-wni-jadi-foreign-terrorist-fighters-di-luar-negeri, accessed 2 May 2024.

Human Rights Committee, General Comment 3, Article 2, para. 1, Implementation at the national level (Thirteenth session, 1981), Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N.Doc.HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 at 4 (1994).

Ingram, M. “Between Dystopia and Utopia: The ‘Response-Ability’ of European States to Ensure the Rights of Children of Foreign Terrorist Fighters Held in Syria”, Thesis, Leiden University, 2021.

Institute for Policy Analysis and Conflict, Extricating Indonesian Children From ISIS Influence Abroad, 2021.

Institute for Policy Analysis and Conflict, Indonesia: Urgent Need for A Policy On Repatriation Of Pro-ISIS National from Syria, 2019.

Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict, The Evolution of ISIS In Indonesia, 2014.

Ishay, M. R., The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches and Documents from Ancient Times to the Presents, Routledge, 2007.

Jawaid, A., “From Foreign Fighter To Returnee: The Challenge of Rehabilitation and Reintegration Policies”, Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, Vol. 12, Num. 2, 2017.

Kartika, D. A., “Extricating Indonesian Children from ISIS Influence Abroad”, (25 August 2021), newmandala.org/extricating-indonesian-children-from-isis-influence-abroad, accessed 3 May 2024.

Koskenniemi, M., The Politics of International Law, Oxford: Hart Publisher, 2011.

Laksamana, E., “Indonesia’s Rising Regional and Global Profile: Does Size Really Matter?” Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 33, Num. 2, 2011.

Lecours, A., Political Issues of Para diplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2008.

Leira, H. & N. Græger, “Introduction, The Duty of Care in International Relations”, in Nina Græger & Halvard Leira (eds), The Duty of Care in International Relations: Protecting Citizens Beyond the Border, Routledge, 2019.

Lynch, T., et.al., The Return of Foreign Fighters to Central Asia: Implications for U.S. Counterterrorism Policy, Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 2016.

Malet, D. & R. Hayes, “Foreign Fighter Returnees: An Indefinite Threat?”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2022.

Marone, F. & L. Vidino, Destination Jihad: Italy’s Foreign Fighters, ICCT Report, 2019.

Marthadani, E. “The Role of Islamic Boarding School in Deradicalization Process in Indonesia: Case Study in Pesantren Darun Najah Tasikmalaya,” Jurnal Theologia Sanctus, Vol. 7, Num. 1, 2018.

Mawangi, G. T., “BNPT Akan Periksa Anggota FTF yang Diduga WNI Usai Pandemi”, www.antaranews.com/berita/bnpt-akan-periksa-identitas-ftf-yang-diduga-wni-usai-pandemi, accessed 8 September 2024.

Melissen, J., The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice, New York: Macmillan Publishers, 2005.

Modern Security Consulting Group, “Should They Stay or Should They Go: What to Do with Detained Foreign Fighters”, (16 January 2018), mosecon.com/should-they-stay-or-should-they-go-what-to-do-with-detained-foreign-fighters/.

Myjer, E. P. & T. Marauhn, Research Handbook on International Arms Control Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.

Newberger, S. H., The Forgotten Flight: Terrorism, Diplomacy and the Pursuit of Justice Hardcover, Simon and Schuster Publisher, 2017.

Nieuwenhuijze, C. A. O. v., “The Darul-Islam Movement in Western Java”, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 23, Num. 2, 1950.

Niglia, A., et.al., “Italian Foreign Terrorist Fighters: A Quantitative Analysis of Radicalization Risk Factors”, Countering Terrorism, Preventing Radicalization, and Protecting Cultural Heritage, Vol. 133, 2017.

Nwala, P., “The Impact of International Diplomacy on Combating Global Terrorism”, Journal of Contemporary International Relations and Diplomacy, Vol. 4, Num. 2, 2023.

Office of Assistant to Deputy Cabinet Secretary for State Documents & Translation, “Gov’t Will Not Repatriate Terrorist Fighters”, (11 Februari 2020), setkab.go.id/govt-will-not-repatriate-terrorist-fighters/, accessed 3 May 2024.

Paramitaningrum, et.al., “Model Diplomasi Perlindungan Pemerintah Indonesia terhadap Warga Negara Indonesia Pekerja Sektor Formal dan Informal di Luar Negeri”, Global Strategis, Vol. 12, Num. 1, 2018.

Paripurna, A. et.al., “Implementation of Resolution No. 4/2016 of the ICPO-INTERPOL Concerning Biometric Data Sharing: Between Countermeasures against Terrorist Foreign Fighters (FTFS) and Protection of the Privacy of Indonesian Citizens”, Brawijaya Law Journal, Vol.5, Num. 1, 2018.

Pastor, R. A., A Century’s Journey: How the Great Powers Shape the World, New York: Basic Books, 1999.

Peerenboom, R. P., Asian Discourse of Rule of Law, Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US, Routledge, 2004.

Perešin, A., et.al., “The Role of Women in Post-IS Jihadist Transformation and in Countering Extremism”, in Serafettin Pektas & Johan Leman (eds), Militant Jihadism: Today and Tomorrow, Leuven University Press, 2019.

Permono, P. & A. Suryana, Terrorism in Indonesia and the Perceived Oppression of Muslims Worldwide, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2023.

Pfluke, C., “A history of the Five Eyes Alliance: Possibility for reform and additions”, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 38, Num. 4, 2019.

Pham, J. P., “Foreign Influences and Shifting Horizons: The Ongoing Evolution of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb”, Orbis, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2011.

Picker, L., “Where Are ISIS’s Foreign Fighters Coming From?”, (April 2016), www.nber.org/where-are-isiss-foreign-fighters-coming, accessed 2 May 2024.

Pillar, P. R., Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.

Piombo, J. R. “Terrorism and U.S. Counter-Terrorism Programs in Africa: An Overview”, Strategic Insights, Vol. VI, Num. 1, 2007.

Pokalova, E., Returning Islamist Foreign Fighters: Threats and Challenges to the West, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2020.

Presley, S. M., et. al., “Threats and Vulnerability Associated with Biological Weapons”, in Roland J. Kendall, et.al. (eds), New Development in Biological, Chemical and Terrorism Countermeasures, CTC Press: Taylor and Francis, 2016.

Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, “Polemik Kepulangan WNI EKS ISIS: Mencari Solusi Terbaik” tatanegara.ui.ac.id/polemik-kepulangan-wni-eks-isis-mencari-solusi-terbaik/, accessed 10 May 2024.

Rachma, S. et.al., “The Repatriation of Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Indonesia: Its Dilemma and Debates”, Deviance Jurnal Kriminologi, Vol. 6, Num. 1, 2022.

Radicalisation Awareness Network, Responses to Returnees: Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Their Families, 2017.

Ramakrishna, K. Islamist Terrorism and Militancy in Indonesia: The Power of the Manichean Mindset, Springer Singapore, 2015.

Ramakrishna, K., “The growth of ISIS Extremism in Southeast Asia: Its Ideological and Cognitive Feature and Possible Policy Responses”, New England Journal of Public Policy, Vol. 29, Num. 1, 2017.

Rapik, M. & Bunga Permatasari, “Penanganan Anak ISIS Dalam Perspektif Hukum Indonesia,” Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020,

Reus-Smith, C. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Reynolds, S. C. & M. M. Hafez, “Social Network Analysis of German Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 31, Num. 4, 2019.

Rezasyah, T. “Peranan Diplomat Indonesia Dalam Memperjuangkan Palestina Di PBB (Masa Presidency of the UNSC Mei 2019)”, Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 3, Num. 2, 2019.

Rocha, I. M. & H. M. Trujillo, Jihadism, Foreign Fighters and Radicalization in the EU, Routledge, 2018.

Rojas, L. B. “Gen 1.5: Where an Immigrant Generation Fits In”, (21 March 2012) archive.kpcc.org/what-is-a-1-5-where-an-immigrant-generation-fits-i/, accessed 2 May 2023.

Rütte, B. v., “Chapter 4 Beyond Sovereignty: The Right to Nationality in International Law”, in The Human Right to Citizenship, Leiden: Brill, 2022.

Sahay, P. Indian Cultural Diplomacy: Celebrating Pluralism in a Globalised World, Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd., 2019.

Sandelowsky-Bosman, C. & T. Liefaard, “Children Trapped in Camps in Syria, Iraq and Turkey: Reflections on Jurisdiction and State Obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child”, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 38, Num. 2, 2020.

Schiavon, J. Comparative Paradiplomacy, Routledge, 2019.

Schmid, A. P., & J. Tinnes, “Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters with IS”, The Hague, 2015.

Schulze, K. E., “Indonesia’s Approach to Jihadist Deradicalization”, (July 2008) ctc.westpoint.edu/indonesias-approach-to-jihadist-deradicalization/, accessed 4 May 2024.

Schutter, O. D. International Human Rights Law: Cases, Materials, Commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Selth, A. “International Terrorism and the Challenge to Diplomacy”, Terrorism, Vol. 10, Num. 2, 1987.

Shank, A. et.al., The Law of Consular Access: A Documentary Guide, Routledge, 2010.

Siallagan, A., “The Failure of ASEAN Counter-Terrorism Cooperation in Preventing the Arrival of Foreign Terrorist Fighters in the Marawi Conflict”, Journal of Terrorism Studies, Vol. 5, Num. 1, 2023.

Silke, A. Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, Routledge, 2019.

Simma, B. & A. L. Paulus, “The International Community, Facing the Challenge of Globalization”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, Num. 2, 1998.

Smith, H., European Union Foreign Policy: What It Is and What It Does, London: Pluto Press, 2002.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2015: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Oxford University Press, 2015.

Suryadi, M. & F. Gustarina, “Fronting the Return of Foreign Terrorist Fighters: The Rise and Fall of ASEAN Border Cooperation to Combat Non-Traditional Threats”, Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, Vol. 7, Num. 1, 2018.

Taintor, C. W. “Marriage in the Conflict of Laws”, Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 10, Num. 4, 1995.

Thierry, B. & S. Léonard, Information-Sharing and the EU Counter-Terrorism Policy: A ‘Securitisation Tool’ Approach, New York: Macmillan Publishers, 2013.

Tobin, J., The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2019.

Tobing, F. B. L. & E. Indradjaja, “Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Its Impact in Indonesia”, Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, Vol. 21, Num. 1, 2019.

Tuathail, G. Ó., et.al., The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, 2006.

United Nation Security Council, Resolution S/RES/2178, 2014.

United Nations Human Rights Council, “Human rights and arbitrary deprivation of nationality: Report of the Secretary-General”, A/HRC/25/28, 19 December 2013.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, CBRN Module: International Legal Framework Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism, 2016.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Manual on International Cooperations in Criminal Matters Related to Terrorism, 2009.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, US Department of States, and Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme, Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Non State Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes, Bogor 13-14 September 2023.

United Nations Press, “Security Council ISIL (Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Amends Seven Entries to Its Sanctions List”, (5 January 2024), press.un.org/en/2024/sc15556.doc.htm.

United Nations, “Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with commentaries”, 2001.

United Nations, “Foreign Terrorist Fighters”, un.org/counterterrorism/foreign-terrorist-fighters accessed 5 June 2024.

United Nations, “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, 1967.

United Nations, “Vienna Convention on Consular Relations”, 1963.

United Nations, “Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations”, 1961.

Vasiliauskienė, V. & M. Vasiliauskas, “Definition of Terrorism and EU Counter-Terrorism Policy”, Border Security and Management Vol. 3, Num. 8, 2020.

Veronika, N. W. & D. A. P. Wishanti, “Engagement Policy Towards Repatriated Indonesian Women from Overseas Jihad Battlefronts”, Proceedings of the First Brawijaya International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, BSPACE, Malang 26-28 November 2019.

Virupakshiah, H. M., Terrorism Challenge Diplomacy, Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2009.

Warbrick, C. “Diplomatic Representations and Diplomatic Protection”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 51, Num. 3, 2002.

Weenink, A., “Behavioral Problems and Disorders among Radicals in Police Files,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 9, Num. 2, 2015.

Widagdo, S., et.al., “Repatriation as Human Rights Approach to State Options in Dealing With Returning ISIS Foreign Fighters”, SAGE Open, Vol. 11, Num. 3, 2021.

Downloads

Published

2024-11-01

How to Cite

Triyana, H. J. (2024). Emphasizing the Role of Diplomatic Agents for Repatriation of Ex-Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF): Study of Indonesia. Jambe Law Journal, 7(2), 275–311. https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v7i2.333

Issue

Section

Articles